Alfred Adler's theory is known as individual psychology.
Adler basic assumption is that human behaviour is purposeful and goal-directed.
Every one of us has the capacity to choose and create.
Our personal goals are the sources of our motivation.
The goals that provide us with security and help us in overcoming the feelings of inadequacy are important in our personality development.
Alfred Adler‟s view – every individual suffers from „feeling of inferiority‟ that are experienced during infancy and childhood. During childhood, child is helpless and depends on others for help and support.
Karen Horney – Optimism

Karen Horney advocated for a more optimistic view of human life with emphasis on Human Growth and Self-actualisation. She emphasised on the importance of social relationships in personality development.
Psychological disorders were caused by disturbed interpersonal relationship during childhood.
Basic anxiety – refers to the feeling of a child being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world.